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Bloomington-Normal, Illinois
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| NewsSaturday, August 18, 2007 9:16 PM CDT |
Miller Park Lake weathered racism, pollution
BLOOMINGTON — Before the pools at O’Neil and Holiday parks, before the aquatic centers at Fairview and Anderson, and certainly before the “spraygrounds” at Tipton and McGraw, there were the sandy beaches of Miller Park. For some 100 years, the park’s beaches offered young and old alike a much-needed respite from the hot, humid summers of corn country. Yet it’s hard to believe (or perhaps not so hard) that for some 50 years, blacks and whites swam in separate, specially designated areas of Miller Park Lake. In 1908, park commissioners decided to build a separate beach and bathing facilities for blacks. According to the Pantagraph, the efforts of blacks to swim at the public beach were resented by less-than-accommodating members of the white community, resulting in “some friction.” Park officials, in a gesture emblematic of the convoluted and deteriorating state of race relations in Bloomington, stated that blacks were “entitled to some rights” to the taxpayer-supported lake. Their decision, though, was not to integrate the public beach, but rather to build separate and inevitably unequal facilities. Miller Park Lake is actually two lakes — the older northeastern section and the larger one to the southwest. Alas, this geographic division served the needs of the segregation plan quite well. In 1896, the city dammed the stream that ran through the park, creating the lagoon-like lake stretching northeast of the present-day arched stone bridge. Six years later, the city erected an earthen dam along the western edge of the park, creating at that time one of the largest artificial lakes in Illinois. These two bodies of water were then united to create today’s lake. The commissioners located the “colored” beach in the old part of the lake, east of the stone bridge. The existing (and much larger) beach in the new part of the lake then became the exclusive domain of whites. This disgraceful arrangement remained in place for decades. As late as August 1950, the McLean County Health Department recommended to Mayor Cecil Cone that the toilets used by black swimmers, which were little more than outhouses, be connected to the city’s sewer system. Racial divisions aside, the park also struggled to keep sewage and storm water runoff from polluting the lake. In the spring of 1940, an official with the state health department called Miller Park’s beaches “a menace to the health of the community.” With ongoing concerns by the state, and complaints by swimmers of ringworm, conjunctivitis and dermatitis, the city finally closed the beaches in August 1953. The lake remained off-limits to swimmers for nearly four years. Officials banned swimming again in August 1973 when sewage was found draining into lake. “This history of swimming in Miller Park,” the Pantagraph noted, “has always been an open again, closed again situation.” Even so, the lake remained one of the city’s more popular summer destinations. For decades, overcrowded beaches were the norm on hot summer days. In 1928, for example, beach attendance surpassed 31,000, and in 1968, the number of swimmers reached 1,238 during a single day. Yet beginning in the 1970s, swimmers began gravitating to the newly opened public pools in other parts of the city. In 1970, the city purchased the formerly private Holiday Park, which included an outdoor pool. On Memorial Day 1975, O’Neil Park became home to the second public pool in Bloomington. The following year, with a decline in attendance, especially in the evening, the city reduced swimming hours at Miller Park Lake. By the mid-1980s, five weeks were trimmed from the traditional Memorial Day-to-Labor Day season. The Miller Park beach finally closed for good in 2002. |
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