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| NewsSunday, August 26, 2007 9:04 PM CDT |
Program studies why prisoners repeat the past
BLOOMINGTON -- About half of Illinois’ prison inmates will be back behind bars within a few years of their release, ruining lives and costing taxpayers millions of dollars. People at all levels of the criminal justice system have been struggling for years to stop that revolving door by trying new approaches to sentencing, treatment and incarceration conditions. One criminal justice professor suggests a new idea: Don’t experiment; look at the research to see what already works. Too much time is spent on brainstorming and experimenting without relying on what experience and research shows, said Edward Latessa, professor of criminal justice at the University of Cincinnati. “It’s a myth that we don’t know anything about corrections,” he said. Effective programs recognize major factors in a defendant’s life such as substance abuse, a poor choice of acquaintances and an inability to solve problems, said Latessa. A stronger emphasis on treating the symptoms behind criminal behavior could reduce the number of people who find themselves in court. Less successful programs focus on self-esteem and cultural issues or promote physical conditioning for offenders, he said. For example, sending inmates to boot camp facilities just makes them bigger, stronger felons, he said. The county’s recidivism rate mirrors state Department of Corrections data that say 51.8 percent of inmates released from state prison in 2003 were convicted and returned to prison on another offense within three years. The state’s prison population is hovering around 45,000 adult inmates, and it costs Illinois taxpayers an estimated $21,600 a year to house each state prison inmate. The “What Works” movement With the goal of reducing those statistics, Latessa talked to a large audience of 11th Judicial Circuit judges, attorneys, probation officers and social workers earlier this month about evidence-based sentencing practices, which Latessa referred to as the “What Works” movement. Latessa calls on the criminal justice system to use what he called “evidence-based practices,” which rely on extensive research to determine what programs are most effective for lowering recidivism rates. “This is a change of mindset for a lot of people who come in contact with offenders,” said Chief Judge Elizabeth Robb of the McLean County-based circuit. “It’s really changing your intuitive thinking on what you’ve been taught.” Researchers have found, for example, that placing low-risk offenders in a highly structured program with high-risk people increases the likelihood that the low-risk person will not benefit from the program, Latessa told the group. Addressing problem behavior A new cognitive behavioral group formed by McLean County Court Services addresses another point Latessa raised: Offenders should be taught how to replace negative behavior such as lying and cheating with new skills that will improve their chances to avoid criminal behavior. “We have to work on offenders’ thought processes. We hear them saying, ‘I just wasn’t thinking.’ Each week we work on a different skill so that when they leave the group, they will have the skills to be successful in areas like family and employment,” said Roxanne Castleman, court services director. Medium-risk offenders whose convictions did not involve violent or sexual offenses are eligible for the McLean County program. Court services staff have received training in evidence-based practice, and judges are beginning to learn more about it. Robb said the next step is for court officials to consult with local social service providers about the assistance they can provide to defendants in community-based programs. County’s drug court The county has initiated other programs to try to slow the tide of recidivism. For example, a drug court gives defendants a chance to receive treatment and work on the issues that contributed to criminal behavior. Strict reporting and drug screening rules must be followed by those sentenced to the drug court program. A team that includes prosecutors, defense attorneys, mental health workers and probation staff meet weekly to review the status of drug court participants. That team meets in a courtroom once a week with participants. Judge Scott Drazewski, who oversees the drug court, rewards successes and issues sanctions when defendants fail. The first graduates may complete the drug court program early next year. McLean County Public Defender Amy Davis would like the county to consider a mental health court to handle offenders with a history of mental illness. Robb said she is just beginning to evaluate the idea. Court and criminal justice officials across the country are concerned that jails in major cities, including Chicago’s Cook County Jail, are among the largest providers of mental health services in some states. As states close mental health facilities, the mentally disabled population is shifting to the streets and, in many cases, county jails. The concept of mental health courts follows the drug court model that incorporates treatment into a sentence for nonviolent offenders. In the specialized court, mentally ill people can be diverted from incarceration that does not allow for appropriate therapy and medication management, two crucial elements in the treatment of those with mental illness. Sentencing guidelines Judges must follow state guidelines when sentencing defendants. Following are sentence ranges mandated for selected felonies: Burglary: two to five years Theft over $300: two to five years Bribery: three to seven years Aggravated criminal sexual assault: six to 30 years Armed robbery: six to 30 years First-degree murder: 20 to 60 years, life in prison or death under certain conditions NOTE: Additional sentencing elements, including fines, may be imposed. Inmates also typically earn day-for-day credit for good behavior to reduce the time they actually spend behind bars. SOURCE: Illinois Code of Corrections |
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