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NewsSunday, August 31, 2008 6:41 PM CDT
Is it lights out for the fireflies?
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BAN LOMTUAN, Thailand — Preecha Jiabyu used to take tourists on a rowboat to see the banks of the Mae Klong River aglow with thousands of fireflies.

These days, all he sees are the fluorescent lights of hotels, restaurants and highway overpasses. He says he’d have to row a good two miles to see trees lit up with the magical creatures of his younger days.

“The firefly populations have dropped 70 percent, in the past three years,’’ said Preecha, 58, a former teacher who started providing dozens of row boats to compete with polluting motor boats. “It’s sad. They were a symbol of our city.’’

The fate of the insects drew more than 100 entomologists and biologists to Thailand’s northern city of Chiang Mai last week for an international symposium on the “Diversity and Conservation of Fireflies.’’

They then traveled Friday to Ban Lomtuan, an hour outside of Bangkok, to see the synchronous firefly Pteroptyx malaccae — known for its rapid, pulsating flashing that look like Christmas lights.

Yet another much-loved species imperiled by humankind? The evidence is entirely anecdotal, but there are anecdotes galore.

From backyards in Tennessee to riverbanks in Southeast Asia, researchers said they have seen fireflies — also called glowworms or lightning bugs — dwindling in number.

No single factor is blamed, but researchers in the United States and Europe mostly cite urban sprawl and industrial pollution that destroy insect habitat. The spread of artificial lights also could be a culprit, disrupting the intricate mating behavior that depends on a male winning over a female with its flashing backside.

“It is quite clear they are declining,’’ said Stefan Ineichen, a researcher who studies fireflies in Switzerland and runs a Web site to gather information on firefly sightings.

“When you talk to old people about fireflies, it is always the same,’’ he said. “They saw so many when they were young and now they are lucky now if they see one.’’

Fredric Vencl, a researcher at Stonybrook University in New York, discovered a new species two years ago only to learn its mountain habitat in Panama was threatened by logging.

Lynn Faust spent a decade researching fireflies on her 40-acre farm in Knoxville, Tenn., but gave up on one species because she stopped seeing them.

“I know of populations that have disappeared on my farm because of development and light pollution,’’ said Faust. “It’s these McMansions with their floodlights. One house has 32 lights. Why do you need so many lights?’’

But Faust and other experts said they still need scientific data, which has been difficult to come by with so few monitoring programs in place.

There are some 2,000 species and researchers are constantly discovering new ones.

Many have never been studied, leaving scientists in the dark about the potential threats and the meaning of their Morse code-like flashes that signal everything from love to danger.

“It is like a mystery insect,’’ said Anchana Thancharoen, who was part of a team that discovered a new species Luciola aquatilis two years ago in Thailand.

The problem is, a nocturnal insect as small as a human fingertip can’t be tagged and tracked like bears or even butterflies, and counting is difficult when some females spend most of their time on the ground or don’t flash.

And the firefly’s adult life span of just one to three weeks makes counting even harder.

European researchers have tried taking a wooden frame and measuring the numbers that appear over a given time. Scientists at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia have been photographing fireflies populations monthly along the Selangor River.

But with little money and manpower to study the problem, experts are turning to volunteers for help. Web sites like the Citizen Science Firefly Survey in Boston, which started this year, encourages enthusiasts to report changes in their neighborhood firefly populations.

“Researchers hope this would allow us to track firefly populations over many years to determine if they are remaining stable or disappearing,’’ said Christopher Cratsley, a firefly expert at Fitchburg State College in Massachusetts who served as a consultant on the site run by the Boston Museum of Science.

Scientists acknowledge the urgency to assess fireflies may not match that of polar bears or Siberian tigers. But they insist fireflies are a “canary in a coal mine’’ in terms of understanding the health of an ecosystem.

Preecha, the teacher turned boatman, couldn’t agree more. He has seen the pristine river of his childhood become polluted and fish populations disappear. Now, he fears the fireflies could be gone within a year.

“I feel like our way of life is being destroyed,’’ Preecha said.

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Reader comments on this story - 12 total

Note: All views and opinions expressed in reader comments are solely those of the individual submitting the comment, and not those of the Pantagraph or its staff.

prairiemon wrote on Aug 31, 2008 8:59 PM:

" You want to see stars? Move to a small town like I have. The sky here is lit up like crazy with stars and its beautiful winter or summer nights. I only live 30 miles south of our state capitol where more than half a million people live but you would never know it. In my town its quiet, no traffic, no crime, stars by the millions, fireflies even this late in the year and when you walk outdoors the first thing that hits you is the sweet smell of corn, beans and fresh cut grass. No smog, loud city noises, walk late at night without worry. I love it but I do miss B-N simply because it really is a great place to live and someday I hope to return while I'm young enough to still enjoy it. "

prairiemon wrote on Aug 31, 2008 8:42 PM:

" I really don't think fertilizer or pesticides have much to do with it. I might live in podunk Iowa but I was raised a city boy in B-N and I still fertilize and spray pesticides so my lawn is beautiful and the mosquitos are somewhere else besides my home and I still have lightning bugs like crazy. I love them tho and would be sad if they didn't light up my yard. "

prairiemon wrote on Aug 31, 2008 8:33 PM:

" I lived in B-N for 40 years except when I was away in college and always loved seeing the lightning bugs for the first time each summer. It was just my way of knowing summer had arrived. I noticed every year there seemed to be fewer of them around. I moved to a small country town in Iowa 6 years ago and we have thousands of them here. Even tonight as I write this I am seeing fireflies in my backyard. Alot of it I would think has to do with the temps and humidity. I'm actually surprised to see them right now because its so late in the year although it is hot and humid tonight. Never the less I love the sight of them. "

dalmanites wrote on Aug 31, 2008 6:04 PM:

" Part III: Our dwindling population of fireflies and butterflies and other bugs is overpowered by the blinding attacks of Japanese beetles. The yards in my neighborhood are over fertilized, over watered, over pesticided, and dump weed killer on a yard populated by small children and pets. If there's a bug, there's a spray hauled out by a freaked out suburbanite. A spider? Gads! A bee! Kill it! Crabgrass! Dump killer on it! We need to take a step back and figure out why it is that we think a lawn made up of only bluegrass, surviving only on fertilizer (it's CLAY under there folks) and pesticide is the natural state of things. You've been sold a bill of goods by the chemical companies. "

dalmanites wrote on Aug 31, 2008 5:59 PM:

" Part II: The lights that are interfering with the mating habits of out charming fireflies is exacerbated by our city fathers in allowing massive numbers of streetlights to be installed in subdivisions, and unshielded lights in parking lots. These lights disrupt not only the firefly but also human beings who have their sleep patterns disrupted by the constant light at night. We also can't see the stars anymore because they are blown out of the sky by unnecessary street lights. At my house there is a street light across the street and one on my side of the street in front of the next house over. Now I tell you, that is too many and a total waste of energy. A light at the corner, fine, but that is all that's needed. "

dalmanites wrote on Aug 31, 2008 5:55 PM:

" Jipsi and others: it's a long, long list of disappearing species. I moved away from Illinois after graduating university and returned to live after 35 years. What did I notice first? Where are all the meadowlarks? The farm pastures had disappeared and the grass waterways were either plowed up or mowed, for pete's sake. A church near us has about 3 acres that they could leave to grow into grass for meadowlarks but the choose to mow it like a lawn that they never use. The airport can't spare any land for meadowlarks because it would "interfere" with flight, no matter that their area is inhabited by geese and ducks. "

Student9G wrote on Aug 31, 2008 10:57 AM:

" Population dwindling? I live in rural Logan county, and there were so many it was nearly magical. Each night they'd drift up out of the corn stalks that they were sleeping in and light up the night for a few hours. If it were from chemicals, don't you think there would be even less in the country because of all the spraying for Japanese Beetles this year? I was still seeing them at home the other night and it's the end of August. "

Ithink wrote on Aug 31, 2008 7:27 AM:

" I have noticed this, too. It has become unusual, rather than commonplace to see fireflies, bees, and butterflies. There was one night recently when I saw many fireflies in Franklin Park, but I have only seen a few in my back yard this year, maybe 5 or 6. My yard is an oasis of diversity in a block of closely mowed, heavily fertilized, and insecticide filled yards, so I guess that has taken a toll on my insect life as well. "

BC wrote on Aug 31, 2008 7:11 AM:

" I'm sure part of the loss comes from people's idea they must rid their yard of anything that crawls. The chemicals we dump on our properties is killing everything living and will someday kill us. Remember the bugs are the canary in the coal mine. Time humans took notice and changed their attitudes and habits. "

jipsi wrote on Aug 31, 2008 1:19 AM:

" Actually, Eric... I've seen fireflies heavy in BOTH counties. It's only been the past year or two I've noticed a dearth in the CENTRAL ILLINOIS-wide area... Same with honeybees: as I'm allergic to bee sting, I was, at first, a little pleased to not have to deal with bees, last summer and before. But this year, I'm starting to realize how EERIE it is, that there are several bug populations more than just a little 'off'... and this is not a 'good' thing, after all, because our eco-system DEPENDS on them in too many ways to count.

But I will admit, your comment made me chuckle. ;-)
WRYLY. "

Eric H wrote on Aug 30, 2008 10:40 PM:

" Huh? I've seen countless lightning bugs most nights all summer, seemingly more than usual. Maybe the Thai fireflies emigrated to McLean County in hope of a better life ;) "

jipsi wrote on Aug 30, 2008 10:14 PM:

" It's not 'anecdotal' (that's a word they like to use when the younger generation thinks the older folks are 'embellishing'): just twenty to thirty years ago, our Central to NorthEast Normal backyard was so full of fireflies you could literally catch half a dozen of the FLYING (more like floating) insects just by swinging a jar in a wide arc.
Our yard TWINKLED like it was full of stars, for Pete's sake.
And my parents told me THEY used to see the fireflies last from June to August, not just a few weeks in July now (if you're lucky to spot one or two).
This year, in my half acre backyard garden in a small town a few miles south of B-N, I think I counted FOUR. Four sightings, all summer.

Their population IS dwindling. Period.
"Progress", and all its bright lights, smoke-belching factories and auto pollution glory, is surely responsible for this, as it is for so many other environmental tragedies.
So sad, but without giving up all of the technology, indoor lighting, plumbing, ease of transportation and mass availability of goods, that make our human lives so much more comfortable, what can, and will, we do? "

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